Flora of Cyprus: Asteraceae Family

Flora of Cyprus: Asteraceae Family

Achillea arabica	Asteraceae
Achillea cretica	Asteraceae
Achillea maritima subsp. Maritima	Asteraceae
Achillea millefolium	Asteraceae
Achillea santolinoides subsp. wilhelmsii	Asteraceae
Ambrosia maritima	Asteraceae
Anacyclus clavatus	Asteraceae
Anthemis amblyolepis	Asteraceae
Anthemis austriaca	Asteraceae
Anthemis chia	Asteraceae
Anthemis cotula	Asteraceae
Anthemis palaestina	Asteraceae
Anthemis parvifolia	Asteraceae
Anthemis plutonia	Asteraceae
Anthemis pseudocotula subsp. Rotata	Asteraceae
Anthemis rigida	Asteraceae
Anthemis tomentosa	Asteraceae
Anthemis tricolor	Asteraceae
Arctium lappa	Asteraceae
Arctium minus	Asteraceae
Artemisia annua	Asteraceae
Artemisia arborescens	Asteraceae
Asteriscus aquaticus	Asteraceae
Atractylis cancellata	Asteraceae
Bellis annua subsp. Minuta	Asteraceae
Bellis perennis	Asteraceae
Bellis sylvestris	Asteraceae
Bellium minutum	Asteraceae
Bidens bipinnata	Asteraceae
Bidens pilosa	Asteraceae
Bidens subalternans	Asteraceae
Bombycilaena discolor	Asteraceae
Calendula arvensis	Asteraceae
Calendula officinalis	Asteraceae
Cardopatium corymbosum	Asteraceae
Carduus argentatus subsp. Acicularis	Asteraceae
Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. Albidus	Asteraceae
Carlina lanata	Asteraceae
Carlina libanotica	Asteraceae
Carlina pygmaea	Asteraceae
Carthamus boissieri	Asteraceae
Carthamus caeruleus	Asteraceae
Carthamus dentatus subsp. Ruber	Asteraceae
Carthamus lanatus subsp. Baeticus	Asteraceae
Carthamus lanatus subsp. Lanatus	Asteraceae
Carthamus tenuis subsp. Foliosus	Asteraceae
Catananche lutea	Asteraceae
Centaurea aegialophila	Asteraceae
Centaurea akamantis	Asteraceae
Centaurea benedicta	Asteraceae
Centaurea calcitrapa subsp. Angusticeps	Asteraceae
Centaurea calcitrapa subsp. Calcitrapa	Asteraceae
Centaurea cyanoides	Asteraceae
Centaurea cyprensis	Asteraceae
Centaurea hyalolepis	Asteraceae
Centaurea iberica	Asteraceae
Centaurea nigra subsp. Nigra	Asteraceae
Centaurea solstitialis	Asteraceae
Chlamydophora tridentata	Asteraceae
Chondrilla juncea	Asteraceae
Cichorium intybus	Asteraceae
Cichorium pumilum	Asteraceae
Cichorium spinosum	Asteraceae
Cirsium arvense	Asteraceae
Cirsium vulgare	Asteraceae
Crepis aspera	Asteraceae
Crepis foetida subsp. Commutata	Asteraceae
Crepis foetida subsp. Foetida	Asteraceae
Crepis fraasii	Asteraceae
Crepis micrantha	Asteraceae
Crepis palaestina	Asteraceae
Crepis pulchra	Asteraceae
Crepis pusilla	Asteraceae
Crepis reuteriana	Asteraceae
Crepis sancta	Asteraceae
Crepis zacintha	Asteraceae
Crupina crupinastrum	Asteraceae
Cynara cardunculus	Asteraceae
Cynara cornigera	Asteraceae
Cynara makrisii	Asteraceae
Dittrichia graveolens subsp. Graveolens	Asteraceae
Dittrichia viscosa subsp. Angustifolia	Asteraceae
Echinops spinosissimus	Asteraceae
Eclipta prostrata	Asteraceae
Erigeron bonariensis	Asteraceae
Erigeron canadensis	Asteraceae
Erigeron sumatrensis	Asteraceae
Eupatorium cannabinum	Asteraceae
Filago aegaea subsp. Aristata	Asteraceae
Filago arvensis	Asteraceae
Filago contracta	Asteraceae
Filago eriocephala	Asteraceae
Filago eriosphaera	Asteraceae
Filago gallica	Asteraceae
Filago mareotica	Asteraceae
Filago pygmaea	Asteraceae
Filago pyramidata	Asteraceae
Flaveria trinervia	Asteraceae
Galinsoga parviflora	Asteraceae
Galinsoga quadriradiata	Asteraceae
Garhadiolus hedypnois	Asteraceae
Geropogon hybridus	Asteraceae
Glebionis coronaria	Asteraceae
Glebionis segetum	Asteraceae
Gundelia tournefortii	Asteraceae
Hedypnois rhagadioloides	Asteraceae
Helianthus tuberosus	Asteraceae
Helichrysum italicum	Asteraceae
Helichrysum luteoalbum	Asteraceae
Helichrysum stoechas subsp. Barrelieri	Asteraceae
Helminthotheca echioides	Asteraceae
Hirtellina lobelii	Asteraceae
Hyoseris scabra	Asteraceae
Hypochaeris achyrophorus	Asteraceae
Hypochaeris glabra	Asteraceae
Ifloga spicata	Asteraceae
Inula conyzae	Asteraceae
Jurinea cypria	Asteraceae
Klasea cerinthifolia	Asteraceae
Koelpinia linearis	Asteraceae
Lactuca cyprica	Asteraceae
Lactuca saligna	Asteraceae
Lactuca serriola	Asteraceae
Lactuca tetrantha	Asteraceae
Lactuca triquetra	Asteraceae
Lactuca tuberosa	Asteraceae
Lactuca undulata	Asteraceae
Lactuca viminea	Asteraceae
Lapsana communis subsp. Communis	Asteraceae
Launaea fragilis subsp. Fragilis	Asteraceae
Leontodon tuberosus	Asteraceae
Limbarda crithmoides subsp. Longifolia	Asteraceae
Mantisalca salmantica	Asteraceae
Matricaria aurea	Asteraceae
Matricaria chamomilla	Asteraceae
Matricaria discoidea	Asteraceae
Notobasis syriaca	Asteraceae
Onopordum bracteatum	Asteraceae
Onopordum cyprium	Asteraceae
Onopordum ×makrisii	Asteraceae
Pallenis spinosa subsp. Asteroidea	Asteraceae
Pallenis spinosa subsp. Spinosa	Asteraceae
Phagnalon rupestre subsp. Graecum	Asteraceae
Phagnalon rupestre subsp. Rupestre	Asteraceae
Picnomon acarna	Asteraceae
Picris cyprica	Asteraceae
Picris pauciflora	Asteraceae
Picris rhagadioloides	Asteraceae
Podospermum alpigenum	Asteraceae
Podospermum laciniatum	Asteraceae
Ptilostemon chamaepeuce subsp. Cyprius	Asteraceae
Pulicaria arabica	Asteraceae
Pulicaria dysenterica subsp. Uliginosa	Asteraceae
Pulicaria sicula	Asteraceae
Reichardia intermedia	Asteraceae
Reichardia picroides	Asteraceae
Reichardia tingitana	Asteraceae
Rhagadiolus edulis	Asteraceae
Rhagadiolus stellatus	Asteraceae
Rhaponticum repens	Asteraceae
Scolymus hispanicus	Asteraceae
Scolymus maculatus	Asteraceae
Scorzonera troodea	Asteraceae
Senecio aegyptius	Asteraceae
Senecio cineraria	Asteraceae
Senecio glaucus subsp. Cyprius	Asteraceae
Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. Vernalis	Asteraceae
Senecio vulgaris	Asteraceae
Serratula tinctoria	Asteraceae
Silybum marianum	Asteraceae
Sonchus asper subsp. Asper	Asteraceae
Sonchus asper subsp. Glaucescens	Asteraceae
Sonchus asper subsp. glaucescens × oleraceus	Asteraceae
Sonchus bulbosus	Asteraceae
Sonchus oleraceus	Asteraceae
Sonchus tenerrimus	Asteraceae
Symphyotrichum squamatum	Asteraceae
Tagetes minuta	Asteraceae
Tanacetum balsamita	Asteraceae
Tanacetum cinerariifolium	Asteraceae
Tanacetum parthenium	Asteraceae
Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia	Asteraceae
Taraxacum aphrogenes	Asteraceae
Taraxacum cyprium	Asteraceae
Taraxacum hellenicum	Asteraceae
Taraxacum holmboei	Asteraceae
Tolpis umbellata	Asteraceae
Tolpis virgata	Asteraceae
Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. Longirostris	Asteraceae
Tripleurospermum inodorum	Asteraceae
Tussilago farfara	Asteraceae
Tyrimnus leucographus	Asteraceae
Urospermum picroides	Asteraceae
Xanthium spinosum	Asteraceae
Xanthium strumarium	Asteraceae
Xeranthemum inapertum	Asteraceae
Zoegea leptaurea	Asteraceae

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The family Asteraceae (/ˌæstəˈreɪsiiː, -siaɪ/), with the original name Compositae,^[5] consists of over 32,000 known species of flowering plants in over 1,900 genera within the order Asterales. Commonly referred to as the aster, daisy, composite, or sunflower family, Compositae were first described in the year 1740. The number of species in Asteraceae is rivaled only by the Orchidaceae, and which is the larger family is unclear as the quantity of extant species in each family is unknown.

Most species of Asteraceae are annual, biennial, or perennial herbaceous plants, but there are also shrubs, vines, and trees. The family has a widespread distribution, from subpolar to tropical regions, in a wide variety of habitats. Most occur in hot desert and cold or hot semi-desert climates, and they are found on every continent but Antarctica. Their primary common characteristic is flower heads, technically known as capitula, consisting of sometimes hundreds of tiny individual florets enclosed by a whorl of protective involucral bracts.

The oldest known fossils are pollen grains from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian to Maastrichtian) of Antarctica, dated to c. 76–66 million years ago (mya). It is estimated that the crown group of Asteraceae evolved at least 85.9 mya (Late Cretaceous, Santonian) with a stem node age of 88–89 mya (Late Cretaceous, Coniacian).

Asteraceae is an economically important family, providing food staples, garden plants, and herbal medicines. Species outside of their native ranges can be considered weedy or invasive.

Description

Members of the Asteraceae are mostly herbaceous plants, but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as Lachanodes arborea) do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique inflorescence and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the stamens.^[6] Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as Hieracium is notoriously difficult (see "damned yellow composite" for example).^[7]

Roots

Members of the family Asteraceae generally produce taproots, but sometimes they possess fibrous root systems. Some species have underground stems in the form of caudices or rhizomes. These can be fleshy or woody depending on the species.^[5]

Stems

The stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, usually erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with resin,^[5] or latex, which is particularly common among the Cichorioideae.^[8]

Leaves

Leaves can be alternate, opposite, or whorled. They may be simple, but are often deeply lobed or otherwise incised, often conduplicate or revolute. The margins also can be entire or toothed. Resin^[5] or latex^[8] can also be present in the leaves.

Inflorescences

Nearly all Asteraceae bear their flowers in dense flower heads called capitula. They are surrounded by involucral bracts, and when viewed from a distance, each capitulum may appear to be a single flower. Enlarged outer (peripheral) flowers in the capitulum may resemble petals, and the involucral bracts may look like a calyx.

Floral heads

In plants of the Asteraceae, what appears to be a single "daisy"-type flower is actually a composite of several much smaller flowers, known as the capitulum or head. By visually presenting as a single flower, the capitulum functions in attracting pollinators, in the same manner that other "showy" flowering plants in numerous other, older, plant families have evolved to attract pollinators. The previous name for the family, Compositae, reflects the fact that what appears to be a single floral entity is in fact a composite of much smaller flowers.^[9]

The "petals" or "sunrays" in an "asteraceous" head are in fact individual strap-shaped^[10] flowers called ray flowers or ray florets, and the "sun disk" is made up of smaller, radially symmetric, individual flowers called disc flowers or disc florets. The word aster means "star" in Greek, referring to the appearance of most family members as a "celestial body with rays". The capitulum, which often appears to be a single flower, is often referred to as a head.^[11] In some species, the entire head is able to pivot its floral stem in the course of the day to track the sun (like a "smart" solar panel), thus maximizing the reflectivity of the entire floral unit and further attracting flying pollinators.^[9]

Nearest to the flower stem lie a series of small, usually green, scale-like bracts. These are known as phyllaries; collectively, they form the involucre, which serves to protect the immature head of florets during its development.^[9]: 29 The individual florets are arranged atop a dome-like structure called the receptacle.^[9]

The individual florets in a head consist, developmentally, of five fused petals (rarely four); instead of sepals, they have threadlike, hairy, or bristly structures,^[11] known collectively as a pappus, (plural pappi). The pappus surrounds the ovary and can, when mature and attached to a seed, adhere to animal fur or be carried by air currents, aiding in seed dispersal. The whitish, fluffy head of a dandelion, commonly blown on by children, consists of numerous seeds resting on the receptacle, each seed attached to its pappus. The pappi provide a parachute-like structure to help the seed travel from its point of origin to a more hospitable site.^[9]

A ray flower is a two- or three-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower, found in the head of most members of the Asteraceae.^[9][10] The corolla of the ray flower may have two tiny, vestigial teeth, opposite to the three-lobed strap, or tongue, indicating its evolution by fusion from an ancestral, five-part corolla. In some species, the 3:2 arrangement is reversed, with two lobes, and zero or three tiny teeth visible opposite the tongue.

A ligulate flower is a five-lobed, strap-shaped, individual flower found in the heads of certain other asteraceous species.^[9] A ligule is the strap-shaped tongue of the corolla of either a ray flower or of a ligulate flower.^{[clarification needed][example needed][10]} A disk flower (or disc flower) is a radially symmetric individual flower in the head, which is ringed by the ray flowers when both are present.^[9][10] In some species, ray flowers may be arranged around the disc in irregular symmetry, or with a weakly bilaterally symmetric arrangement.^[9]

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